Since the conclusion of the Nepalese Civil War in 2006, Nepal has faced various forms of identity-based discrimination. The government has neglected to respond to ongoing violence against the lowest religious caste, the Dalits, and other ethno-religious minorities and has forcibly evicted Indigenous peoples from their lands to make national parks. Also, women have faced severe discrimination, including child marriage and

In response to an attempted coup by insurgents in April 2021, Chad’s military suspended constitutional rights, dissolved parliament, and set up the Transitional Military Council to govern indefinitely. This political instability allowed terrorist groups like Boko Haram to threaten Chad’s population. In addition, ethnic and political discrimination, violence from insurgent groups, and restrictions on the movements of the male population have increased Chad’s risk for mass killing significantly.

Since the outbreak of the Civil War in 2015, Yemen has faced one of the most severe humanitarian crises of the modern day. Both sides of the conflict, the Iran-backed Houthi rebels and the Yemeni government, have interfered with the movement of humanitarian aid and have created famine and food insecurity, and forced displacement on the population, leaving over 17.4 million people without necessary provisions. Numerous horrific war crimes against civilians and a restriction of the movement of the male population has put Yemen at very high risk of mass killing in the near future.

In August 2021, following the withdrawal of all U.S. troops from Afghanistan, the Taliban took over the government and reversed any gains in democratic freedoms over the previous twenty years. This included discrimination against women, who have been systematically excluded from Afghan society. Also, the Taliban’s history of mass killing, as well as ongoing identity-based discrimination and violence against Sikhs, Sufis, and members of the Hazara community has caused the country to be the site of one of the worst humanitarian crises in the modern era.

Though the Chinese government has vehemently denied accusations of identity-based discrimination against Uyghur Muslims in the Xinjiang province, there is substantial contrary evidence. Testimonies from former detainees verify that up to 2 million Uyghurs and other Muslim minorities have been forcibly displaced and sent to detention centers, where they have been subjected to forced sterilization, sexual violence, child kidnapping, re-education, and enslavement.

In recent years, there has been identity-based discrimination, violations of civil rights, and violence toward Muslim minorities. This includes the desecration of mosques, forced displacement, calls for mass killings, and the destruction of Muslim-owned property. In Muslim majority regions like Kashmir and Jammu, retaliatory identity-based discrimination has been carried out against Hindus. As of the end of 2021, mass killings by Naxalite-Maoists in disputed territories have occurred.

Since fighting erupted in the Tigrayan region in 2020, identity-based discrimination and mass killing against Tigrayan civilians in Ethiopia has led to the death of around 465,000 people. Ethiopian Security Forces, supported by Eritrean Armed Forces and Amhara Special Forces, have taken key towns and cities in the Tigrayan region, forcing displacement and starvation on the local population. In addition, restricted movement of men and sexual slavery of Tigrayan women and children have been reported.

Since 2009, numerous mass killings, forced displacements, and enslavements of the population by organizations, Islamic extremists such as Boko Haram, criminal gangs, and the Nigerian Government itself have ravaged Nigeria. In addition, inter-communal conflict and conflict over scarce resources between farmers and herders have resulted in the displacement and starvation of thousands of people.

Since the outbreak of civil war in 2011, Syria has faced state-led, extremist non-state, and outside actor violence and mass killing. The Syrian government has been accused several times of using chemical weapons, which is as a war crime. Also, Turkey, through a series of air strikes, has engaged in identity-based killing of Syria’s Kurdish population as a supposed reprisal for a terrorist attack in Istanbul in 2022. Other parties, like the Islamic State, have engaged in forced starvation, sexual violence, displacement, and genocide.

The Democratic Republic of the Congo has for decades experienced a lot of disunity between its many ethnic groups, leading to the onset of militias, violence, and civil war. Ethnic groups such as the Congolese Hutu and Tutsi and the Hema have recently faced mass killings, with genocidal hate speech running rampant in regions like North and South Kivu. In addition, the Batwa forest people have faced genocide and forced displacement due to exclusionary conservation policies, resulting in mass starvation.

Since the outbreak of civil war in 2013, South Sudan has seen the formation of numerous militias because of identity-based violence and ethnic group fragmentation. These militias have deliberately targeted civilians, perpetrated mass killings against opposing ethnic groups, rape, torture, and the kidnapping and recruitment of children. These factors, along with restrictions on movements of the male population, have left over 8.3 million people dependent on humanitarian support.

Since the start of the Russo-Ukrainian War in 2022, Russia has repeatedly denied committing genocidal acts in Ukraine. Disguising them as “de-Nazification” tactics, the Russian military has perpetrated identity-based killings, child kidnapping and re-education, forced displacement, and stripping Ukrainians of their citizenship. Through these methods, Russian President Vladimir Putin hopes to completely control Ukraine, seize its wealth, and ensure its neutrality against the European Union and NATO.

In 2022, Somalia saw more than 40% increase in mass killings of civilians because of the ongoing conflict between the government and terrorist groups like al-Shabaab and the Islamic State. In addition, famine has ravaged the country due to al-Shabaab’s control of trade ports, the continuous issue of piracy, and forced displacement. Al-Shabaab has also restricted the movement of the male and female population and forced many into slavery.

For decades, Iraq has been the sight of numerous mass killings, genocides, wars, and dictatorships. The Iraqi government, ISIS, and various gangs have engaged in identity and religious-based discrimination against women, LGBTQ+, Yazidis, Shi’ite and Sunni Muslims, and Assyrian Christians, resulting in frequent forced displacements and disappearances. Sadly, the government’s participation in these practices and their reluctance to intervene suggests that these issues will continue for many years to come.

Since the establishment of Azerbaijan in 1918, the country has been engaged in a bitter rivalry with its neighbor, Armenia, resulting in numerous conflicts and identity-based discrimination against Armenians. In regions such as the Lachin Corridor, Ethnic Armenians have faced mass expulsion, famine, and lack of medical supplies due to a blockade imposed by the Azerbaijani government in 2023.

Since 2016, President Rodrigo Duterte’s government has perpetrated numerous crimes against humanity in the Philippines. Disguising his persecutions as a “war on drugs” and an anti-Terrorism campaign, Duterte has enabled identity and political based discrimination, violence, extrajudicial killings, and restrictions on the rights of indigenous peoples. International criticisms have only served to increase persecutions, with activists, journalists, human rights groups, and media outlets facing mass killings and incarceration.

Since Omar al-Bashir’s regime was ousted in 2019, Sudan has struggled to maintain a stable government and has faced contested governance of border regions. This situation has increased tensions between ethnic, religious, and regional groups. For example, state and non-state actors like the Rapid Support Forces and Arab militias have perpetrated identity-based discrimination and violence against non-Arabs, leading to mass killing and displacement.

In recent years, the Republic of Congo’s vast ethnic makeup has caused identity-based violence. For example, government forces and members of the Mbochi Tribe have harassed ethnic groups such as the Bakongo. These issues have caused the restriction of movement for men and women of the population. In addition, border disputes with the Democratic Republic of Congo and Central African Republic have increased tensions even further.

For over a decade, identity-based violence between Muslim rebels and Christian militias like the Seleka and anti-Balaki have ravaged the Central African Republic. These developments have led to the displacement of over 80% of the country’s Muslim population. In addition, tensions regarding presidential elections have led to numerous parties, like the Coalition of Patriots for Change, Russian mercenaries, and National Security Forces committing horrific war crimes.

For decades, social fragmentation of groups based on identity in Mauritania has allowed slavery of Haratin and Sub-Saharan ethnic groups by lighter-skinned Beidane, or those of Arab-Berber descent who hold majority power in the country, to persist. With over 90,000 Mauritanians still enslaved in the country today, their groups have struggled to maintain political influence. Border disputes with neighboring Senegal have only made matters worse, as Beidane use them as an excuse to further dehumanize and deny rights.